癌症 - An Overview
恶心。某些癌症和癌症治疗会导致恶心。医生有时可以预测您的治疗是否可能会引起恶心。药物和其他治疗可帮助您预防或减少恶心。Metastasis is prevalent from the late phases of most cancers and it may possibly manifest by means of the blood or even the lymphatic method or each. The everyday methods in metastasis are:
In sporadic cancers, deficiencies in DNA mend are at times a result of a mutation inside of a DNA mend gene but are considerably more usually attributable to epigenetic alterations that decrease or silence expression of DNA maintenance genes. That is indicated within the determine at the 3rd degree. Many scientific studies of weighty steel-induced carcinogenesis exhibit that these hefty metals trigger a discount in expression of DNA repair enzymes, some by epigenetic mechanisms.
大脑和神经系统问题。癌症会压迫到附近的神经，导致身体某一部位疼痛和丧失功能。累及大脑的癌症可能导致头痛和卒中样体征和症状，例如身体一侧无力。
由癌症引起的慢性疼痛幾乎都與癌症本身或治療過程（手術、放射線治療、化療）所持續造成的組織損傷有關。癌症患者的疼痛並沒有明顯的產生原因。許多發生嚴重疼痛症狀的癌症患者常常已經接近生命的終點，這時進行姑息疗法會是比較好的選擇。雖然社會上普遍對使用鴉片類麻醉劑的觀感不佳，但在癌末病患的治療上，主要的考量是盡量使患者感到舒適，無論使用鴉片類麻醉劑、手術或物理療法，甚至不應考慮醫療資源的支出，而要盡力使病患能得到最好的照顧。
全身性的症狀：體重減輕、食欲不振、惡病體質、大量出汗（夜間盜汗）、貧血
这里需要注意另外一个概念——肿瘤。肿瘤是局部组织细胞增生所形成的新生物。 肿瘤分为良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤两大类。良性肿瘤不会扩散或侵入附近组织。切除后， 良性肿瘤通常不会再长出来，而恶性肿瘤有时会。然而，良性肿瘤的体积有时可能 很大，有些会引起严重的症状或危及生命，比如脑部的良性肿瘤。恶性肿瘤可分为 癌和肉瘤，癌是指来源于上皮组织的恶性肿瘤。癌性肿瘤会扩散或侵入附近的组织， 并可以扩散到身体的远处形成新的肿瘤(这一过程称为转移)。许多癌症形成实体瘤， 但白血病是血液癌症不会形成实体瘤。如果还是没能理解肿瘤和癌症的关系，可以看 下图。在后续的文章中我们将针对各类不同的癌症进行深入的讨论与分析。
局部症狀：異常腫塊或腫脹（腫瘤），出血，疼痛和潰瘍。因為腫瘤壓迫周遭組織所引起的症狀，如黃疸。
Community indicators might occur due to the mass with the tumor or its ulceration. As an example, mass effects from lung cancer can block the bronchus leading to cough or pneumonia; esophageal cancer might cause narrowing on the esophagus, which makes it difficult or agonizing to swallow; and colorectal most cancers may perhaps bring on narrowing or blockages inside the bowel, influencing bowel practices. Masses in breasts or testicles may develop observable lumps.
Replication of the information contained within the DNA of dwelling cells will probabilistically end in some errors (mutations). Complex error correction and avoidance are crafted into the process and safeguard the mobile towards most cancers.
Complementary and option most cancers treatment options are a various group of therapies, techniques and products that are usually not Section of traditional drugs.[202] "Complementary medicine" refers to approaches and substances utilized coupled with traditional medication, though "substitute drugs" refers to compounds used as an alternative to standard medication.[203] Most complementary and alternative medicines for cancer have not been analyzed or examined using typical procedures including medical trials.
There may be an association in between celiac illness and an elevated hazard of all cancers. Individuals with untreated celiac illness have the next possibility, but this threat decreases with time following analysis and stringent treatment. This may be due to the adoption of the gluten-totally free eating plan, which appears to possess 癌症 a protecting part against the development of malignancy in those with celiac illness.
Deficient expression of DNA mend proteins as a consequence of an inherited mutation can maximize most cancers hazards. People with an inherited impairment in almost any of 34 DNA fix genes (see article DNA repair service-deficiency condition) have increased most cancers danger, with a few defects ensuring a one hundred% life span potential for most cancers (e.
手术治疗主要用于去除瘤灶，达到治疗的目的，同时也适用于癌症的预防、诊断、 分期、术后结构重建与功能康复等。这种方法不存在生物抵抗性；无潜在致癌可能； 不受肿瘤差异性影响；能提供准确的病理分期及组织学类型；适用于大部分未扩散 的肿瘤。但是会破坏正常组织；可有手术并发症，可致畸形、影响正常功能，甚至 危及生命；已有转移者，不能完全治愈；重要器官无法彻底切除。